The Secret Life of Bees Review Essay Example

The Secret Life of Bees Review Paper Essay on The Secret Life of Bees First, I will say that I did not like that then go to the positive aspects, and they finish Do not like:! The first and only. Talent of the author is clearly not enough to make beautiful, natural and harmonious weave the two issues raised: put dry and scientific, external conflict social (inequality of the races) and internal conflict the tragedy of girls. And love here at all is somehow out of place (a sinful deed thought immediately recognized classics so they both make batch .. so they are obtained pies Mmmm Do not Kid cakes out -!!! She had donuts without filling the oven ! Simply yes better: D) We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Life of Bees Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Life of Bees Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Life of Bees Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now, to praise first of all, very much a description of small sensations!. How in the heat becomes wet folds of skin at the knees and elbows, like crying after a long body can not be raised from the bed, so it feels heavy and strange, about the sensation of water on the skin These little things, the fleeting impressions and make the book worthwhile, and history of the present. This Kid -. Master Second, pleased with the end! Tired of standard neheppiendy which we have become accustomed to frighten all and sundry! It is much harder to write a positive ending, from which there is no flatten and sausage, but which will at the same time look natural and smooth. For it -. Too thank you Third, the language, as already said Catherine, in his review, good. Theres a lot to talk about it is necessary to read in order to assess the most And last, but perhaps the most important thing for me.. Thanks to the author for polyphony. Before us is not just the inner world and the story of one girl Lily showing off her eyes and evaluated from her point of view. They showed us the history and position, and her father, and her mothers position. We know the opinion of the Augusta good and peace of women, enriched phenomenal life experience and wisdom, and her sisters. Really I appreciate (and in the book and in life), when that happens people / characters can be seen from different points of view, rather than just standing on his own, like sheep, not daring to stand up to the other persons position, understand and accept his thoughts and feelings. Again Kid it could not be worse than the recognized mastodons:) I think that in the case of purchase from Kid anything else I think she has a show ! great expectations and hopes high demands, so long as 4:)

Free Essays on Religion In Prisons

Religion in Prisons Introduction The first amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America states: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This amendment is called the Free Exercise Clause. The Constitution of the United States is the highest authority concerning the rights of the people it governs and was written to apply to every person living in the United States. There can be limitations to these freedoms, especially religious ones, however. This paper discusses the limitations on religious freedoms dealing with prisoners in the correctional system. In many instances, people seem to view religion by prisoners as taboo or fake. Prison staff can testify that a large number of prisoners â€Å"find† religion when they become incarcerated. The American public do not like special treatment to be given to these individuals. But what about those inmates that truly have religious beliefs? The Supreme Court and Appeal courts have had trouble with sorting these concerns out. There have been two different approaches the courts have used to perceive how or if religion should be accommodated in prisons. The first approach is called the â€Å"strict scrutiny† standard. â€Å"This standard required the government to prove a compelling government interest to justify the burden (Chiu 2004), affirmed that prisoners at the right to the Free Exercise Clause. The second approach is called the â€Å"rational-relationship" standard. This standard â€Å"reinterpreted the requirements of the Free Exercise Clause to provide li ttle, if any, constitutional protection for religious exercise burdened by [*1004] neutral, generally applicable laws† (Chiu 2004). Religious Policy (1963-1990) Strict Scrutin... Free Essays on Religion In Prisons Free Essays on Religion In Prisons Religion in Prisons Introduction The first amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America states: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This amendment is called the Free Exercise Clause. The Constitution of the United States is the highest authority concerning the rights of the people it governs and was written to apply to every person living in the United States. There can be limitations to these freedoms, especially religious ones, however. This paper discusses the limitations on religious freedoms dealing with prisoners in the correctional system. In many instances, people seem to view religion by prisoners as taboo or fake. Prison staff can testify that a large number of prisoners â€Å"find† religion when they become incarcerated. The American public do not like special treatment to be given to these individuals. But what about those inmates that truly have religious beliefs? The Supreme Court and Appeal courts have had trouble with sorting these concerns out. There have been two different approaches the courts have used to perceive how or if religion should be accommodated in prisons. The first approach is called the â€Å"strict scrutiny† standard. â€Å"This standard required the government to prove a compelling government interest to justify the burden (Chiu 2004), affirmed that prisoners at the right to the Free Exercise Clause. The second approach is called the â€Å"rational-relationship" standard. This standard â€Å"reinterpreted the requirements of the Free Exercise Clause to provide li ttle, if any, constitutional protection for religious exercise burdened by [*1004] neutral, generally applicable laws† (Chiu 2004). Religious Policy (1963-1990) Strict Scrutin...

Alma Ata Declaration

Alma Ata Declaration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1978 the Alma Ata Declaration affirmed health as a human right with health being defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. The Declaration proclaimed that communities should adopt the principles of primary health care to achieve better health for all (WHO 2008). The principles of primary health care are based on a social justice approach where community health focuses on empowering individuals enabling them to make informed health decisions (Green 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aim of this essay is to discuss primary health care in the Alma-Ata Declaration and how attitudes towards primary health care have changed over time. Furthermore, it will discuss the relevance of primary health care today according to the WHO report, Primary Health Care ? Now more than ever, focusing on Australian Indigenous children?s health in the Western region of Melbourne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Alma-Ata declaratio n, primary health care is essentially healthcare based on practical, evidence based and socially acceptable methods that are made accessible to all individuals within a community through full participation. The principles form the integral part of the health system, providing health care at the first level with an overall focus on the communities and countries socio-economic development (Awofeso 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Primary health care was criticised as soon as the Alma-Ata conference concluded, politicians did not accept that communities would be responsible for planning and implementing health care services. As a result, political commitment was not sustained nor was it backed with necessary reforms (Hall & Taylor 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government agencies lacked any provisions for ensuring equity to accessing services especially for the poorer and disadvantaged communities. Furthermore, experts and politicians refused the principle of primary hea lth care which allowed communities to plan and implement their own health care services (McMurray & Param 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internationally, resources for public health were diverted from primary health care to aid with the management of high-mortality emergencies. This included the resurgence of tuberculosis, increases in malaria and the emergence of HIV/AIDS (WHO 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World events impacted on the development of primary health care, an oil crisis, a global recession and the introduction of structural adjustment programs by development banks shifted governments? budgets away from health and social services (WHO 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inadequate funding and training for healthcare professionals resulted in a lack of services for communities with people choosing to by-pass the primary level of services being provided. Inaccessibility, limited resources and poor equipment left primary health care services limited in coverage and quality (Hall & Taylor 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inaccessibility, limited resources and poor equipment left primary health care services limited in coverage and impact. Due to poor levels of service, primary health care workers lost motivation and resigned as a result of under-staffed centres and inadequate delivery of service.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In some countries primary health care continues to be inadequately supported and resourced due to lack of structure and investment within health organisations leading to poor coverage and quality of services (Hall & Taylor 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1994, the World Health Organisation (WHO) review of world changes in health development since Alma-Ata bleakly concluded that the goal of health for all by 2000 would not be met (WHO 2008).

Exploring the Role of National Culture on Attitudes towards Education Research Proposal

Exploring the Role of National Culture on Attitudes towards Education - Research Proposal Example As the report declares education is the only way to ensure the survival of the civilization, mainly by passing existing knowledge to the younger generations and giving them the capacity to seek further knowledge. However, in the face of globalization, the old methods of transmitting knowledge have become out-dated, especially since the world has become more competitive with the need for people to keep up with changing conditions. These days the world is information-driven and no one can afford to have out-dated information. The United Kingdom emphasises on historical happenings and preservation of cultural values. In the current world, people must be ready to learn from experiences but not to keep looking back at them. All citizens must be involved in the development agenda despite their age, race or gender. This study aims at identifying the cultural values underlying perceptions on education, and making recommendations that would enable stakeholders to work seamlessly for the betterment of the country. The sample will consist of between 120 and 160 secondary schools, only including schools that have data on their student composition, performance, and are willing to give out the data freely. If more schools are willing to provide their data such that it overwhelms the researcher, then random sampling will be employed but taking into consideration the representation of schools and students. This will be the sample for the qualitative part of the study, which will be all about identifying extent, correlations and statistical significance of the interactions of various phenomena under study. The qualitative part of the study will use a cluster sample, and the importance of this sample will be to identify for trends, and look for other

One variety of Shamanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

One variety of Shamanism - Essay Example These are the needs, which paved the way for Shamans and Shamanism. Since the earliest Homo sapiens, hundreds of cultures around the world have developed different varieties of Shamanistic traditions which have fascinated generations of scholars and researchers. The traces of shamanism can be found in every continent. Some of the varieties of Shamanism are the Celtic Shamanism, Vedic Shamanism, Siberian Shamanism, Mongolian Shamanism, Tibetan Shamanism, Chinese Shamanism etc. what is common to all these manifestations of Shamanism is the healing of the body, mind and soul - a kind of purification. The study of these aboriginal traditions broadens our understanding of Shamanism as a whole. The evidence of the fact that Shamanism is an age-old tradition can be found in ancient literary texts such as The Rig Vedas. Vedic Shamanism, which flourished in the East and Central Asia is very similar to the other Shamanistic traditions, and believed in an animating principle that permeates through all things and all beings. That unseen essence of being is called the soul. The Shamans used roots and barks and produced a rattle sound while healing. It is believed that the Shamans made the rock paintings of Bhimbetaka in India. The meditative tradition in Asia that advocates Yoga is an offshoot of the Vedic Shamanism. Yoga attempts to set the mind in a thoughtless zone. This meditative tradition explores the ancient wisdom that an unseen energy flows through all beings and is connected directly to the quality of life. By trapping that life force, physical, emotional and spiritual well-being can be ensured. Although the process is spiritual in nature, it is not confined to any religion. The Yoga masters suggest that it is necessary to have a clear perception of the Self. Unless one recognizes the inherent energy, the pilgrim's progress towards eternity will be obstructed. How does one come to become a Shaman According to Robert M. Huff, a Shaman "may have received" his "calling to become a shaman as a result of a near-death experience in which" he was "carried into the spirit world and met teachers who helped them to learn healing songs, medicines, and revelations about the future. A shaman may also be born into the role, or be trained for it after demonstrating some special aptitude for healing." Every generation expects someone to take on the role of the shaman. The Roles of a Shaman: Michael Harner tells us that 'Shaman' is a Tungis word which originated in Siberia. It means one who can see with eyes closed or in the dark. The Shaman can be either a man or a woman. The chief role that the Shaman plays is that of a healer, as he knows the pragmatic techniques of diagnosis. Another important role of the Shaman is dealing with the spirits, because he is the one who can retrieve lost souls and banish the intruding souls. Davidson, in his book Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, writes, "The shaman acts as intermediary between the world of men and the gods, and has the power to descend into the realms of the dead. His spirit is believed to journey forth from his body, which remains in a state of trance. Sometime the long journey which it takes is described by him in a chant." (118). A significant role of the shaman, according to

Management and Sm Essay Example for Free

Management and Sm Essay Answer : yes its will get long time strategy and its will be from 1 year up 3 year maybe its be long time strategy until the clear and understand about the policy and situation of this SM (mamp;M) believe in determinism, that is, the choices they make are determined by their internal and external environments, are proactive, shape ideas, and change the way people think about what is desirable, possible, and necessary more willing to invest in innovation, human capital, and creating and maintaining an effective culture to ensure long-term viability focus on tacit knowledge and develop strategies as communal forms of tacit knowledge that promote enactment of a vision, see themselves as conservators and regulators of existing order; sense of who they are depends on their role in organization Note :Recent reports indicate the continued preference of Ramalingam Rajus style of management by the old employees of Satyam and the fact that such employees feel that they are being managed by out siders. It is also rumored that it is these employees who are now trying to switch their jobs. Of course, the SM management is doing its best to win over such employees and is taking pro-active steps to dissipate such rumors. 2. What HR strategy would you recommend for SM to inculcate a sense of belongingness, loyalty and improved performance of its employees? Answer: * The Sm its very important role is playing for the improve of loyalty of employees and performance of employees, * The SM its master the competence of sm ,which discuses methodologies of tolerating and managing stress one needs to climb which are stress tolerance and impulse controls ,respectively . Focus on corporate strategy, and try to pinpoint at least three goals of the strategy as stated by upper-level management. Create human resource performance indicators that are closely tied to the strategy objectives for the organization. Focus on both short- and long-term strategy objectives. For instance, suppose if its has SM . Theres a strong link between experience and education in terms of employee performance , Figure out how management measures strategy implementation. Connect the human resource performance goals to managements measurement. The sales staff or the employees that interface directly with customers are usually the easiest to measure in terms of performance. This may be an ideal group to measure. Track the connection between strategic management goals and human resource performance goals, and try to identify trends in human resource actions/strategy and the overall corporate strategy. It is important to be able to link the connection using the same measurement criteria as management to improve the SM . short-term performance of a business and its underlying health—that is, involved in situations and contexts characteristic of day-to-day activities, its ability to sustain and improve performance year after year after year. They also may need to manage their companies differently. view work as an enabling process involving some combination of ideas and people interacting to establish strategies

Essay --

There was once a point in time when people fought for the right to do what people in this day and age would an everyday ritual. They had to live with the day to day struggle of having to sneak to pray to their God. The ability to express your thoughts and concerns verbally could cost you your life. Decisions were made without the input of citizens. Like a child, citizens were to be seen and not heard. Independence and freedom was craved so badly, it drove people to leave the place they once called home. Men gathered together collaborating ideas on what would soon be our Constitution. July 4, 1776, life was no longer as some new it. American people were as happy as a child on Christmas. Freedom is something many of us take for granted. To them, freedom was more than just a right. It was the privilege to your opinion out loud. It was the privilege to walk in the building to worship God. It was the privilege to have the ability to make decisions that could impact your country. People lo nged for that right and it was appreciated. America was now a place where people could live freely. There were no strict rules that bounded you from life. Now, according to G.Gordon Liddy, America is no longer this way. According to him and his novel, when he was a kid this was a free country. In the book, "When I Was a Kid, This Was a Free Country," by G.Gordon Liddy, Liddy tells the reader how America has made a drastic change from the 1930's. Using reflections from his childhood, Liddy compares life styles of today's time period to life styles during the time period of his childhood. According to Liddy, his generation is the last generation to remember what the country was like when it was free. Through his years of radio programming, Liddy says "... ...d have the mental stability to take on the world. My thoughts on this book vary. I think that Liddy's expectations of the world is ridiculous. It may be my Democratic beliefs kicking in, but to compare the world to then and now isn't logically to me. Liddy should not be shocked to see such changes in the world. Things change. The world is more advanced now. You can't do things you could do in the 30's. Technology is more advanced, Children are being forced to grow up quicker, educational systems have now raised their standards, and views on life aren't seen eye to eye anymore. To me, For Liddy to even compare the world to his childhood is like comparing a child to its behavior when it's one, to the behavior of the child when it's 18. I presume that the purpose of Liddy's book was to inform the readers how America may seem is not how she once was. He wanted to adv Essay -- There was once a point in time when people fought for the right to do what people in this day and age would an everyday ritual. They had to live with the day to day struggle of having to sneak to pray to their God. The ability to express your thoughts and concerns verbally could cost you your life. Decisions were made without the input of citizens. Like a child, citizens were to be seen and not heard. Independence and freedom was craved so badly, it drove people to leave the place they once called home. Men gathered together collaborating ideas on what would soon be our Constitution. July 4, 1776, life was no longer as some new it. American people were as happy as a child on Christmas. Freedom is something many of us take for granted. To them, freedom was more than just a right. It was the privilege to your opinion out loud. It was the privilege to walk in the building to worship God. It was the privilege to have the ability to make decisions that could impact your country. People lo nged for that right and it was appreciated. America was now a place where people could live freely. There were no strict rules that bounded you from life. Now, according to G.Gordon Liddy, America is no longer this way. According to him and his novel, when he was a kid this was a free country. In the book, "When I Was a Kid, This Was a Free Country," by G.Gordon Liddy, Liddy tells the reader how America has made a drastic change from the 1930's. Using reflections from his childhood, Liddy compares life styles of today's time period to life styles during the time period of his childhood. According to Liddy, his generation is the last generation to remember what the country was like when it was free. Through his years of radio programming, Liddy says "... ...d have the mental stability to take on the world. My thoughts on this book vary. I think that Liddy's expectations of the world is ridiculous. It may be my Democratic beliefs kicking in, but to compare the world to then and now isn't logically to me. Liddy should not be shocked to see such changes in the world. Things change. The world is more advanced now. You can't do things you could do in the 30's. Technology is more advanced, Children are being forced to grow up quicker, educational systems have now raised their standards, and views on life aren't seen eye to eye anymore. To me, For Liddy to even compare the world to his childhood is like comparing a child to its behavior when it's one, to the behavior of the child when it's 18. I presume that the purpose of Liddy's book was to inform the readers how America may seem is not how she once was. He wanted to adv

Touching the Void: Moitivational Theories

Touching the Void is an inspiring story about the power of the human will. To my surprise, the film left me emotionally spent as it touched on the issues of friendship, mortality and survival. I am sure many of my classmates will agree that it is an amazing story. But, for me, the thing that makes it truly inspirational is the way that Joe never gave up. In this brief paper I intend to show how Self Determination and Goal Setting theory influenced Joe’s inspiring story of survival. Self Determination Theory Self-Determination Theory draws from the research that people are inherently active organisms that strive for positive interactions with the environment (Class Lecture, February 3rd 2011). The theory suggests that people have three psychological needs that must be satisfied to initiate and regulate everyday behaviour. In addition, the theory also specifies that satisfaction of these needs also enhances intrinsic motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985b, as cited in Reeve 2008). Intrinsic motivation is self-directed process which leads to more interest based behaviour rather than behaviour based on external rewards (Deci & Ryan, 1985b, as cited in Reeve 2008). The first psychological need is to feel a sense of autonomy in performing an activity. Autonomous behaviour involves having an internal locus of control and freedom to determine own behaviour. Autonomy is increased by having a choice, flexibility and opportunities for self direction (Reeve & Jang, 2006, as cited in Reeve 2008). The second need is having a sense of relatedness. This can be achieved by having close relationships with people who care about you (Baumeister & Leary, 1995, as cited in Reeve 2008). The third fundamental need is to perceive competence in relation to an activity. Competence is increased by engaging in activities that facilate optimal challenge and provides effective feedback (Deci & Ryan, 1985b, as cited in Reeve 2008). Self Determination theory provides us with a very applicable framework to understand Joe’s behaviour during his fight to stay alive. As noted by Professor Nisbet in class, intrinsic motivation is generally inherent in people and, can flourish out of people’s need for autonomy, relatedness and competence. There are many benefits an individual can attain by embracing intrinsic motivation. One of these benefits is the importance of persistence on a challenging task (Deci & Ryan, 1985b, as cited in Reeve 2008). There are numerous occasions during the film which persistence on a task is evident. Immediately after Joe breaks his leg, it obvious the persistence level of both climbers begins to escalate. Although both men know that a broken leg during a mountain ascent is likely fatal, they still persistent and work toward the goals of reaching the bottom. Joe is in excruciating pain but he continues on simply because there are no other options. There comes a point in the film where Joe is alone, and he continues to fight even though his hope of survival is slipping. Joe describes a constant â€Å"voice† in his head that urges him to â€Å"keep going†. I believe that Joe’s inner voice represents his continued persistence and determination to survive. It is clear that Joe’s high level of persistence allowed him to push him forward when he felt like giving up. Goal Setting Theory Goal setting theory is based on the idea that specific, difficult goals lead to higher task performance than do easy goals (Locke & Latham, 1990; Mento, Steel & Karren, 1987; Tubbs, 1986, as cited in Reeve 2008). Before difficult and specific goals can raise performance, the concept of goal acceptance must take place within an individual. In general, the individual must decide either to accept or reject the goal. If the goal is both accepted, it will enhance performance and facilitate goal commitment (Erez & Kanfer, 1983, as cited in Reeve 2008). In addition, Because goals refer to a future ideal state, setting goals may uncover discrepancy between a present and ideal state. This mismatch between present and ideal state will motivate an individual to achieve an ideal state and modify an ineffective plan if necessary. (Campion & Lord, 1982, as cited in Reeve 2008). Joe’s survival story is a testament to how to effective goal setting can be. With no food, no water frostbitten fingers, and a shattered leg Joe comes to the conclusion that if he wants to survive he must â€Å"set definite targets† for himself. Faced with an enormous task, Joe consistently sets small specific, attainable goals to increase the chances of his survival. For example, Joe would challenge himself to crawl to a particular rock within twenty minutes. When he got there, he set himself another goal, and then another. This is how Joes managed to mentally deal with the seemingly impossible task of getting to the bottom of the mountain. In summary, Touching the Void is an astonishing story of determination and persistence and it probably says more to me about goal-setting than anything else I have ever watched. By focusing on Joe’s 3 psychological needs and goal setting motives, we have learned much about the reasons why Joe never gave up. Although it may seem unrealistic to compare how Joe survived a life and death ordeal to our ordinary lives, extreme stories like this help us understand what drives motivational behaviours in everyday situations.

Satellites in space

Jeremy Curtis is an engineer and business development manager for space science at the Rutherford Appleton laboratory (RAL) in Oxfordshire. His job includes on the joint European telescope for X-ray astronomy (JET-X), due to have been launched in 1999 on the Russian Spectrum-X spacecraft. He says â€Å"I trained as a mechanical engineer, but I find space engineering exciting because I have to work with all kinds of experts such as astronomers, physicists, designers, programmers and technicians working around the world†. He was sponsored by RAL during his university degree and then spent several years on designs for a large proton synchrotron (a machine for accelerating protons to very high energies) before moving over to space instrument design. In the following passage he describes some of the aspects of space engineering. Why satellites? Getting spacecraft into orbit is a very expensive activity with typical launch costs generally measures in tens of thousands per kilogram. So what makes it worth the bother? There are three key reasons. First, a satellite is a good vantage point for studying the earth's surface and atmosphere – just think how many aircrafts would be needed to photograph the whole of the earth, or how many ships to monitor the temperature of the oceans. Second, if we want to study most of the radiation coming for distant parts of the universe we have to get above the atmosphere. The earth's atmosphere absorbs almost everything that tries to go through it – from X-rays to ultraviolet and from infrared to millimetre waves. Only visible light and radio waves can get through it. In fact, even visible light suffers – convection in the earth's atmosphere makes stars seem to jump about or twinkle, blurring telescope images, so a telescope in space produces sharper images than possible from earth. Finally, and not least, a communications satellite can beam TV pictures across the globe and link telephone users from different continents. The problem with space Once you've got through the huge trouble of expense of launching your satellite, a new set of problems confront you in space. First, a typical spacecraft may need several kilowatts of power – but where do you plug in? The only convenient renewable source of power is the sun, so most spacecrafts are equipped with panels of solar cells. You can see these on the Infrared space observatory (ISO). Unlike earth there is no worry about what to do on cloudy days, but batteries are still needed for periods when the satellite is in the earth's shadow (usually up to an hour or two per orbit) and the satellite has to be continually steered to keep the panels pointing at the sun. So now we have our spacecraft floating in orbit and pointing to face the sun all the time. Although the solar cells provide partial shade from sunlight the surface still starts to heat up, and with no air to convect the heat away the temperature can rise dramatically. To add to the difficulties, the other side of the spacecraft faces cold space (at about 3k or -270à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) and so begins to cool down, unchecked; this would distort the structure, wreck the electronics and decompose the materials that make up the spacecraft. So most surfaces of the spacecraft are covered in â€Å"space blanket† – multilayer insulation made of metallised plastic which reflects the radiation away and insulates the spacecraft. This is crinkly shiny material. 1.2 Studying with satellites The UoSAT satellites are very small, relatively low-cost, spacecraft whose purpose is to test and evaluate new systems and space technology and to enable students and amateur scientists to study the near-earth environment. They are designed and built by the university of Surrey spacecraft engineering research unit. UoSAT, also known as Oscar 11 has sensors to record the local magnetic field, providing information about solar and geomagnetic disturbances and there affects on radio communications at various frequencies. Instruments on board also measure some 60 items relating to the satellites operation. These include; the temperature of its faces, its batteries and other electronic devices; the current provided by its solar arrays; and the battery voltages. It can also receive store and transmit messages to simple radio receivers anywhere in the world. UoSAT's orbit takes it over both poles at a height of about 650km above the earth's surface, and the spinning of the earth allows it to receive data about six times a day. Each UoSAT spacecraft is designed to last about 7 years. Even small spacecrafts such as these need electricity to run all onboard systems, form the computer that controls it all, to the radio transmitters and receivers that send and receive all data to and from ground stations on the earths surface. UoSAT's are small, each with a mass of typically 50kg and about 0.5m across. For comparison, JET-X is about 540kg in mass and about 4.5m long. Communications satellites are larger still, with masses of typically 2 to 5 tonnes. At the top en of the scale is the proposed International Space Station (ISS) – a co-operative venture between 13 nations, including the UK. Construction and testing started in1995 and completion is due in 2002. The completed station will have a mass of about 470 tonnes, measure 110m from tip to tip of its solar arrays, and have pressured living and working space for its crew of six almost equal to the passenger space on two 747 jet airliners. It will have a demand of about 110kw. 1.3 Spacecraft power systems Schematic diagram of a spacecraft power system The below figure shows three main elements in a spacecraft power system. The primary source involves the use of fuel to produce electrical power. Primary sources include fuel cells in which a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen produces electricity (with drinking water as a useful by-product), and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG's) in which a radioactive decay process produces heating in a thermoelectric module that generates electricity. In spacecraft, the most common primary source s the photovoltaic cell, powered by solar radiation; here the initial fuel is protons in the sun, which undergo nuclear fusion. The secondary source is the energy storage system – usually a set of batteries. Sometimes regenerative fuel cells are used in which power from solar arrays electrolyses water to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases during the â€Å"charge† cycle, followed by hydrogen and oxygen recombining to make water during the â€Å"discharge† cycle. n electronic power control and distribution unit controls and adjusts the voltage and current inputs and outputs, often using primary and secondary sources together to boost the overall output power. There are other systems available and these are shown in figure 8 in the textbook, on page 69. Here are some listed: * Chemically fuelled turbines and reciprocating engines. * Chemical turbines and batteries. * Batteries. * Cryogenic hydrogen/oxygen expansion engines. * Cryogenic engines and fuel cells. * Fuel cells. * Nuclear dynamic systems. * Solar and nuclear dynamic systems. * Photovoltaic and radioisotope thermoelectric systems. A useful link to research this further is http://spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov/ Question 1, Page 70 Using figure 8 on page 69, decide which would be the most suitable power source(s) for a spacecraft needing; (a) 1kw power output for just one week. Cryogenic engines and fuel cells. (b) 10kw for 10 years. Solar and nuclear dynamic systems. The most common primary source of energy used in satellites is the photovoltaic cell or solar cell. Hundreds of thousands of such cells are connected together to make up solar arrays. UoSAT 2 and the ISS have many arrays of solar arrays attached to them. Solar cells have one important characteristic; they only generate electricity when illuminated. Orbiting satellites undergo between 90 and 5500 eclipses, moving into the shadow of the earth, each year. The former is typical of a geostationary telecommunications satellite, the latter of a satellite is in a low orbit like UoSAT 2. The ISS will have sixteen thirty minute periods of shadow each day. The secondary power supply is therefore vital, because during eclipse electrical power has to be supplied by batteries. There are also occasions when batteries are needed to provide power in addition to that of the solar panels. The spacecraft's solar panels are used to recharge its batteries when it emerges into sunlight. To do this they must provide a high enough voltage – higher than the batteries own voltage. (A charger for a 12v car battery provides about 30v.) The power system must therefore be carefully designed to ensure that the solar panels can charge the batteries and that the batteries can operate the electrical equipment on-board. So what voltage does a solar cell provide? How does this voltage vary with the brightness of the light? How can we connect up solar cells in order to charge batteries and operate equipment? These are questions I will explore in part two of this unit.

michaael dell essays

michaael dell essays Entrepreneurship is defined as a person who takes all the risk in the business to start. Michael Dell is just that he had an idea for selling and manufacturing. In this paper this will be discussed from the beginning till the end exactly what he went through and what he got out of taking that risk and presenting something new to the world. First of all Michael dell was born in February 25th, 1965 ing Houston Texas. The way his story sounds reads like a business fairytale. He attended the University of Texas, he had nothing but an idea on his mind no way to fulfill it no money to fund it. He wanted to become a Doctor or to own his own little business his preference was an electronic store but like any other college student he had no money. One day he was sitting in his bedroom at his parents house, with an apple computer he got to thinking about the purchase of computers and that there was always a middleman and the extra cost of accessories. He started to take apart the Apple Computer to get acquainted to the heart of the computers. Then it dawned on him that he can sell computers directly to the customer without the unnecessary middleman so he can keep the production cost low. So he started selling the computers directly from his dorm room. After setting all this up he got an even better idea, customization of the P C to the Customers need. Prior to this, there was no such thing as computer customization. You bought it the way it was built and a rush delivery service straight to the customers. He then started the dell dormComp Service, where he started to sell, repair, and customize computers for his College buddies. This was his primary way of earning money for the extra needs. Second of all he then founded the Dell Corporation with $ 1000 in 1984.He entered into the computer industry as an underdog competing with such companies as IBM and Apple, they saw dell as a minor threat. It took Dell a little while ...

Country report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Country report - Essay Example The risks exist because of slave labor prevalent in the cocoa farms while the process of cocoa has increased manifold. Obesity and diabetic concerns may impact the confectionery market while free imports may impact the business. This report strongly recommends the UK as a location for setting up the manufacturing base because of the strong support for fare trade products. A Swiss chocolate manufacturer is evaluating several locations to set up a manufacturing base for exports to the neighboring regions. This report evaluates UK as a location to serve European and other developing regions. The main criterion for evaluation of a location has been the fair-trade principle which would enable the manufacturer to decide on the location. This evaluation would be based on an assessment of the opportunities and risks presented by the political, economic, social and legal environments. Fair-trade has been prevalent in the UK confectionery market as the three market leaders (Cadbury’s, Nestle and Mars) have committed themselves to fair-trade. However, the political stability is impacted by the slave labor in cocoa farming which will be discussed at length in the report. The economic power rests with the market leaders in the confectionery industry which needs assessment. Socially, people have become conscious of fair-trade and it is believed that they are willing to pay a premium for fair-trade products. However, the market strength is important. Legal implications have led to better guidance to nutrition which can promote fair-trade. Each of these four factors is important to decide on the location for the manufacturing unit and hence the report evaluates the opportunities and risks associated with them. Based on the findings, the recommendations would be suggested and the limitations highlighted. Fairtrade has been defined as a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. The purpose of implementing

Motivational interviewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Motivational interviewing - Essay Example Asma’s case offers a practical example that motivational interview, which is client centered, assists the client to know her problems and develop appropriate solution to tackle the issues at hand. Motivational interviewing can be described as a client centered and directive style of counseling that is aimed at bringing behavioral change by assisting clients to explore, analyze and resolve difficult conditions. When compared to other types of counseling techniques, motivation interviewing is goal oriented and focuses directly on options that are available for behavioral change. The analysis and resolution of the difficult condition facing the client is the main focus of eliciting behavioral change (Longshore &Grills,2000). Motivational interviewing, which applies the trans-theoretical model of change, promotes behavioral change by terminating unhealthy behavior or adopting healthy behaviors through six stages of behavioral change. These are preparation, action, relapse, contemp lation, maintenance and pre- contemplation. Motivation to change is stimulated by the client and is not imposed by other people such as counselors. Other motivational approaches stress on persuasion, coercion, and constructive confrontation but unlike motivation interviewing, they fail to mobilize and identify the intrinsic values and goals that are essential to stimulate client’s behavioral change. In motivation intervention, a client’s readiness to change is a gradual product of interpersonal relationship and so a therapist should be responsive and highly attentive to the motivational signs of the client. In motivation interviewing, therapeutic relationship is like a partnership which is aimed at creating a positive environment for change (Miller &Rollnick,1991). Substance abuse has become a disturbing and dangerous contemporary trend that has affected the political, social and economic lives of people. Its implications are far fetching and many stakeholders have pro posed appropriate measures to curb it. One of the concrete measures of eradicating substance abuse and minimizing its effects is to assist people to change their attitudes and behaviors towards its use and develop habits that will deter them from using drugs. Motivation interviewing has become an essential tool of assisting people to minimize drug intake or stop the vice altogether (Block &Wulfert,2000). As a group, our role is to apply motivation interviewing principles in eradicating and minimizing the impact of substance abuse. The name of our client is Asma. Our group consists of four members, who work as a team in assisting substance abuse clients to come out of the condition through motivational interviewing. The members are Fadumo, Glyn, Sharon, and Perpetua. Fadumo played a key role by choosing an appropriate culture that the group would draw the client from. The culture chosen was Somali culture. Glyn managed to make appropriate arrangements for the meeting and later inform ed the members about it. Sharon managed to observe the interviewing environment, detected the mistakes for correction and recorded the interview. Perpetua was mandated with the role of managing issues involved with recording of the interview and communication issues such as managing email communication. The client approaches the group to assist her to stop taking substances. As